ࡱ>  zaB]"I<9k_( (x/  f dPhttp://www.orgs-evolution-knowledge.net/http://www.google.com/search?num=50&hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Michael+Polanyi+%22Personal+Knowledge%22&btnG=Google+Searchhttp://www.google.com/search?num=50&hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Karl+Popper+%22Objective+Knowledge%22&btnG=Google+SearchR>http://www.google.com/search?num=50&hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Karl+Popper+%22Objective+Knowledge%22+Michael+Polanyi+%22Personal+Knowledge%22&btnG=Google+Search:&Choo et al. (2000) F2Quigley and Debons (1999)J6Davenport and Prusak (1998)4 Davenport (1997)H4Spek and Spijkervet (1997)H4Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995)*Wiig (1993)Information vs. Knowledge: The Role of intranets in Knowledge Management*Karl PopperJ6All life is problem solvingF62http://www.belisarius.comX8DKnowledge is solutions to problemsDM0Firestone & McElroy 2003\bHOn Boundaries of Autopoietic Systems2/0(  0;[0 0 000$([\{b00 000000000  0=] 0 0 0000 2 3 !A0C0E0G0I0c00000000000000000!%),.:;?]}acdeghijklmnop`DTimes New Roman7bbv 0b( 0DComic Sans MSn7bbv 0b( 0B DWingdings 2Sn7bbv 0b( 00DVerdanas 2Sn7bbv 0b( 0"@DArialas 2Sn7bbv 0b( 0"PDWingdings2Sn7bbv 0b( 0`DBookmans2Sn7bbv 0b( 0h pDSymbols2Sn7bbv 0b( 0c  .@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``  ~ |1'/*y8r5       &#)%("*+$. / 0.1$4 ! C  L = .,-CC,r$B]"I<9k_i 0e0e     A@ A> 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||s " 0e@        @ABC DEEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN E5%  N E5%  N F   5%    !"?N@ABC DEFFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab @8&'M g4ddddv 0bppp@  ʚ;ʚ;<4dddd4b{ 0 bb<4dddd4b{ 0 bbg41d1dv 0bzp p<4!d!d` 0b8b[9___PPT10 pp6___PPT9/ 068Mb? % } ,William P. Hall National Fellow Australian Centre for Science, Innovation and Society - University of Melbourne DIS: ICT 5.39 - 8344 1522 Head Office / Engineering Tenix Defence, Williamstown bill.hall@tenix.com Visiting Faculty Associate University of Technology Sydney Dept Info Sci - 13/10/2006"-Z  `   3     ;     7Some background hMy path to organisational KM is unique physics (3 years from 1957) computers (all generations from cog-wheel calculators) neurophysiology (2+ years as research assistant - signal processing) comparative ethology, comparative anatomy and ecosystem theory PhD Evolutionary Biology (Harvard, 1973) - genetic system, systematics personal KM in the sciences with bibliographic search engines studied epistemology and scientific revolutions (1977-1979) I bought my first microcomputer in 1981 and it had to pay for itself 1980's: computer literacy journalism, software tech writing, and documenting Hogan banking systems With Tenix Defence since Jan 1990 full life of the ANZAC Ship Project - On time, on budget, all the time building content authoring/management systems now working on cross divisional knowledge management solutions This gives me some different perspectives!'ZAZ"ZZ+Z'A"&!m+~   b  B     ;^The work summarised here began ~1977 in response to paradigmatic misunderstandings over my PhD__PhD Evol. Biol. Harvard 1973 University of Melbourne Research Fellow in Genetics 77-78 Problems with reviewers of papers following my PhD led to studies in epistemology and history and philosophy of science Worked with computers since 1981; Tenix Defence since Jan 1990 Technical writers' holy wars in 2000 over content oriented vs page oriented writing & management led to book project Co-evolution of cognitive tools and human cognition When I got to KM organisations I found my understanding of "knowledge" differed from what my peers thought it was Had to stop writing until I understood the difference Solution re-formulates org theory and KM on evolutionary principles Reformulation now well underway with peer-reviewed published papers I am also reinventing the theory of life itself theory of self-organizing hierarchically complex dissipative systems evolutionary epistemology autopoiesisXZxZZZDZtZkZXxDD  0  k    K  +  3 s5 $>UKM is a mess in several other areas as well with too many poorly understood paradigmsVVEpistemology (theory of knowledge) personal knowledge (Michael Polanyi) objective knowledge (Karl Popper) Organization theory (Donaldson recognises 15 paradigms) resource view environment view autopoietic view How to analyse knowledge in the organization individual view social view critical view alternative views How organizations create knowledge cognitivist view connectionist view autopoietic view#ZGZ8Z1Z.Z0Z -Z$Z6Z#G81.  -$6c +W&Foundation Problems in KM: We can t even define knowledge consistentlyGG%A few definitions from the literature<(Conflicting paradigms of knowledge in KM( Michael Polanyi (1958, 1966): personal/tacit knowledge Focus knowing subjects knowledge of doing, personal skills belief, faith and intuition final arbiters of "truth" followers tend to denigrate explicit knowledge to mere "information" Popularised in KM and organization theory by Nelson & Winter, Sveiby, Nonaka, von Krogh & Roos Popper (1972): epistemology without a knowing subject Knowledge grows through conjecture & refutation, i.e., criticism against reality Different kinds of knowledge: Subjective or dispositional  as embodied in instantaneous structure Persistent or objective  in codified form Joe Firestone of Macroinnovation Associates one of few KM practitioners using Popperian epistemology70P0P0P_0P70Po0Pp0Pf0P766E_7o  p  f  E       B ! ;( =FA#Incommensurability of the paradigms# Search dates: 11/02/2002, (15/08/2002), [14/07/2004] Michael Polanyi "Personal Knowledge" Google hits = 1,760 (1,450) [4,040] Karl Popper "Objective Knowledge Google hits = 1,850 (1,570) [3,730] Both together Google hits = 64 (55) [88] Only 1.1% of authors citing either book cited both! Conclusion Writers concerned with one author's thinking were not interested in or could not cope with discussing the other author's thinking in the same document - even to the extent of listing them in a single bibliography.Z$#$?Z$#$?  =      4        K !0Ze!0!0Y(XKey ideas for answering  What is knowledge? , Evolutionary biology and evolutionary epistemology J.D. Watson & Francis Crick (molecular genetics) Ernst Mayr (was still writing in his 100th year), Steven J. Gould Donald T. Campbell Karl Popper s mature epistemology: 1972 and later  published in his 70th year Autopoiesis (auto =  self + poiesis =  production ) Humberto Maturana & Francisco Varela Chilean neurobiologists working in the 1970 s Defining what it means to be alive Emergence of complex hierarchical systems Hebert Simon, Ilya Prigogine, Stuart Kauffman Biosemiotics Howard Pattee, Luis M Rocha, Hoffmeyer & Emmeche03ZZ5Z%ZQZ*Z.Z Z1Z3Y r   %Q  *. 1 j                        X'What is knowledge?NKarl Popper - a philosopher who studied science "All life is problem solving" Knowledge is solutions to problems Epistemology summary Knowledge is fundamentally based on external reality The ultimate authority for deciding the truth of a claim to know is its correspondence with external reality - but.... Claims to know are cognitively constructed Impossible to prove any claim to know is true (or false) Any number of favourable tests are logically falsified by a single failure Any falsification can be "immunised" by auxiliary hypotheses Knowledge is fallible (Firestone & McElroy 2003)0V10A+& !0 !01L8!0NpM!05MCPopper's three worlds@H   DAKarl Popper's "tetradic schema" or "general theory of evolution"BB, ; Pn a real-world problem faced by an entity TS a tentative solution or tentative theory EE a process of error elimination Pn+1 changed problem as faced from by an entity incorporating a surviving solutionZ*+!N(M }d2,John Boyd's OODA Loop process wins conflicts-`-- An organisation's success in a competitive environment depends critically its ability to do a better job of assimilating information, increasing its epistemic quality to generate strategic power, and reducing decision cycle times. See http://www.belisarius.com.`b         6!0e3Some OODA definitions fObservation assembles data about the world in which the adaptive entity exists (including the entity's own effects and those of its competitors on that world). Data is given a context relating to the entity's interactions with the world. Orientation processes that observations into semantically linked knowledge in the form of a world view comprised of new information, memories of prior experience (which may be explicit, implicit or even tacit, genetic heritage (i.e., "natural talent"), cultural traditions (i.e., paradigms), and analysis (destruction) of the existing world view, and synthesis (creation) of a revised world view including possibilities for action. This generates intelligence (in a military sense). Decision selects amongst possible actions generated by the orientation, action(s) to try. Choice is governed and informed by wisdom based on prior experience gained from previous OODA cycles, and the synthesis (creation) of new possibilities to try. Action involves putting the decision to test by applying it to the world. The loop begins to repeat as the entity observes the results of its action.cZsZ~Z}ZZ  jsv}    M  Z     k  J 1F-Maturana and Varela: autopoiesis defines lifeAutopoiesis (= self + production) is the condition achieved by a bounded and self-regulating autocatalytic set of processes able to maintain its existence as an autonomous entity in the face of environmental perturbations; i.e., that which gives a living entity the property of life. Recognizing an autopoietic entity (see von Krogh & Roos) Self-identifiably bounded (membranes, tags) Individually identifiable components within the boundary (complex) Mechanistic (i.e., metabolism/cybernetic processes) System boundaries internally determined (self reference) System intrinsically produces own components Self-produced components are necessary and sufficient to produce the system (autonomy)U` J8  )'x  G ,Paradigm of the autopoietic organised system--^Maturana and Varela (1980) - Autopoiesis & Cognition  properties of living things Early 1970s quest to define the property of life Autonomous entities defined by self regulation and self production Emergence I. Prigogine - Nobel Laureate Principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics H. Simon (1962)  Architecture of Complex Systems H. Morowitz (1968)  Energy Flow in Biology: Systems forced through time to evolve increasingly complex cycles to transport energy/matter from sources to sinks J.J. Kay (1984)  Self-organization in living systems S. Salthe (1985, 1993) emergence in a scalar hierarchy S. Kauffman (1993)  Origins of Order: "autocatalytic sets" "organization for free"SPtP PP-P_PsPMP P'P.P@t  -  *     "  s  =-    .n, 1 5 Z)aComplexity theory: Hierarchically complex dissipative systems and the focal level (complex triad)bb6 * !f4 Emergence of knowledgeCognition is the cybernetics of autopoiesis (Maturana) Emergence = establishment of a complex system at a new level in the hierarchy between two pre-existing levels of complexity (Salthe) Early autopoietic systems emerge close to thermodynamic equilibrium between coalescence/disintegration (Kauffman's autocatalytic sets) Autopoietic systems produce more components that favour autopoiesis Dis-integrationg systems lose history, but return components to the environment that have previously worked in autopoietic systems Knowledge of autopoiesis is inherent in the environment, thus shared promiscuously Promiscuity impedes specialisation because random components need to work together Early reproduction requires only growth and fragmentation - where fragments would retain some of the parent's history Selection for self-stabilization evolves towards clonal reproduction away from equilibrium, to preserve structural history that worked Knowledge defines the nature and behaviour of the autopoietic system Meaning = knowledge of solutions to life embodied in dynamic structure Knowledge = heredity = historically accumulated 'information' controlling autopoietic cybernetics to regulate problem responsesfCv - |fv     f     <    @          m  > #^-<Knowledge: a phenomenon of emergent and evolving autopoiesis==XThe nature and growth of autopoietic knowledge Turbulent flow from available energy (exergy) sources to entropy sinks forces conducting systems to become more organised (state of decreased entropy) - Prigogine, Morowitz, Kay and Schneider, Kauffman) Coalescent systems have no past. Self-regulatory/self-productive (autocatalytic) activities that persist for a time before disintegrating produce components whose individual histories "precondition" them to form autopoietic systems. Each emerged autopoietic system represents a tentative solution to problems of life. Those that dis-integrate lose their histories (heredity/knowledge). Stable systems are those whose tentative solutions enable them to persist indefinitely. Competition among such systems for resources is inevitable. Survivors thus perpetuate historically successful solutions into their self-produced structure to form dispositional or tacit knowledge (W2). Those that fail to solve new problems dis-integrate and lose their histories. Replication, transcription and translation. With semantic coding and decoding, knowledge can be preserved and replicated in physiologically inert forms for recall only when relevant to a particular problem of life. Objective knowledge may be shared across space and through time. - Howard Pattee (1965-2000) series of papers; Luis Rocha (1995-) series of papers. /P)PP/33033UDW33 N*33?   j h~ Wg5* Emergent orders of autopoietic complexity&+ Presence of autopoietic system self-defines the focal level of a complex triad 1st order triad Focal level = living cell Subsystems/components = macromolecules Supersystem/environment = dynamic medium/ecosystem/multicellular organisms 2nd order triad Focal level = multicellular organism Subsystems/components = living cells Supersystem/environment = dynamic ecosystem 3rd order triad Focal level = society of organisms (ants, bees, termites) Subsystems/components = multicellular organisms Supersystems/environment = dynamic ecosystem 3rd order triad Focal level = human economic organization Subsystems/components = entities with linguistic capabilities Supersystems/environment = dynamic economy_ZZZyZZZZZ $ ===4 === =/==   ==)=,  h6+ Reproduction, sex, and diversification (1)World 2 knowledge transmitted by the division of pre-existing dynamic structure inescapable consequence of autopoiesis entails some loss of computationally irreducible structure depends on what parts of structure passed on Emergence of world 3 knowledge depends on evolution of codification systems Autocatalytic nucleic acid polymers in emergence of first order autopoiesis. Nucleic acid polymers may have enzymatic and/or structural fns Autoreplication of polymer replicates the polymer's functions RNAs retain structural & enzymatic functions to apply control info DNAs codified control information into "genes" Selective advantages for grouping genes into chromosomes Accurate replication Controlled segregation into daughter cellsPLM9@PLM9  @,ri7+ Reproduction, sex, and diversification (2)Clonal reproduction in prokaryotes Clonal evol & differentiation of coadapted snippets in lineages Advantage: Protected accuracy of existing world 3 knowledge Disadvantage: Reduced ability to recombine tested knowledge from different sources in one lineage Sexual recombination totally independent from reproduction Transformation (naked DNA absorbed from environment) Transduction (viral transfer) Conjugation (transfer of plasmid DNA via cell bridge) Recognition of related & rejection of unrelated DNA sequences Pairing & crossing over of homologous DNA Eukaryote DNA well isolated from external exchanges Choreographed cell & nuclear fusion Choreographed recombination and assortment Specialised knowledge allows emergence of biological speciation and gene pools as evolutionary entities#;X ;'   O+  h  =*j8* Knowledge in higher order autopoiesis (1)Second order systems (multicellular organisms) Clonal budding and alternation of generations common in lower orgs W2 knowledge transmitted via structure of egg cell Learning reflected in structural connections of neurones and other aspects of dispositional structure (physiological adaptation) Most dispositional (somatic) learning cannot be transferred via sexual reproduction Extended parental care can transfer some W2 knowledge via demonstration and copying (i.e., tacit exchange) W3 knowledge in DNA All cells have same DNA Some DNA is control info for cell differentiation and development Only evolves via blind variation and selective elimination of carriers W3 knowledge in extrasomatic heritage Evolution of semiotic/linguistic transfers Encoded objects/v&;v&  ; Ek9* Knowledge in higher order autopoiesis (2)$Third order systems (societies, organizations) Pubs: Hall 2003, 2005, 2006; Else 2004; Hall et al. 2005; Nousala et al, 2005; Dalmaris et al. 2007 W2 knowledge layout and capabilities of plant and machinery social network structure tacit organizational routines tacit personal knowledge cultural dynamics W3 knowledge part of DNA at level of individual organisms encodes adaptations for social behaviours pheromonal trails, published inducements, etc. records and documents of organizational significance explicitly defined processes and procedures|/q q   o:7The organisation is a complex system in the environment[*RSome concepts building on autopoiesis theory and Karl Popper's theory of knowledgeS ],"Knowledge in an autopoietic entity_.XEmergent autopoietic vortexes forming world 2 and world 3 in a flux of exergy to entropy:Y& X `/_Cognition (terms are meaningful in relation to autopoietic or artificially intelligent systems)Observation: Initial change induced within the autopoietic system by a perturbation Classification (/ decision): Process by which an induced change results in the system settling into one of alternative attractor basins on a landscape of potential gradients Meaning: The net result in the system due to the initial propagation and classification of an observation Coombe's Hierarchy (Australian Army Info Mgmt Manual) Data: The atomic level of meaning Information (first level of synthesis): Classified observations assembled into relationship structures Knowledge (second level of synthesis): Semantically identified and linked information Intelligence (third level of synthesis): Tentative theory(ies) about the world based on knowledge Wisdom (fourth level of synthesis): Solutions after the elimination of errors through testing theories against the world Strategic power (the result): Wisdom applied to control the worldUU I  ? / 9U$,lGa0,Coombe's hierarchy in the autopoietic entity%b1 Another viewH!,Paradigm of the autopoietic organization (2)Nelson & Winter (1982): Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change Postulated that organizational knowledge transcends knowledge of individual members to form organizational heredity to maintain the existence and behaviour of the organization (i.e., self-production). Assumed this transcendent knowledge was tacit (Polanyi) physical layout routines contexts connections von Krogh and Roos (1995) Organizational Epistemologyr?ZZ.Z6Z3f0.  3f$ j      uI"-Existing users of Autopoiesis neglect World 3- Current paradigm of organizational autopoiesis Blind spot: Maturana & Varela legitimately did not include reproduction in their minimal definition of autopoiesis As stated the concept does not consider persistent heredity transcending the life of a single entity Nelson & Winter Focus on tacit personal & organizational knowledge Represents late 1970s early 1980s thinking As they were writing, world 3 organizational content largely consisted of data, information & transaction records, not knowledge Roles of persistent knowledge (heredity) to guide growth & maintenance of the living organization The exception is Hugo Urrestarazu (2004) On Boundaries of Autopoietic Systems Three domains: phenomenological, "biological", "languaging Funct. equivalent to Popper's 3 worlds/^b/^  bj '*  $<"b!0L%#Organisational knowledge in World 3$  ^Persistent objects of corporate knowledge Articles of incorporation & employment agreements Contracts E-mails & correspondence Graphics and drawings Plans, records, process & procedure documents Enacted workflow systems Written history Links & captured contexts Databases AV recordings World 3 comprises the bulk of organizational memory or heredity<*@*@_ 6 END/4:=?NOQRS V l mPb  ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` 3B?" dd@ ?dd@  " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PT    @ ` ` p>> 0 .&(    00 "  T Click to edit Master title style! !$  0 "E  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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American Anti-Management Theones of Organization, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press  see also McKelvey, B. 1997. Quasi-natural organization science. Organization Science 8:352-380 2 ,-HNH   0޽h ? (? ?___PPT10>+6D^>'  = @B D>' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D7 ' =%(D ' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* #D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* #%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* #D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* #HD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* #H%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* #HD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* HjD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Hj%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* HjD' =%(D' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* jD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* j%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* jD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* DA' =%(D' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* -D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* -%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* -D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* -?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* -?%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* -?D' =%(Dd' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* ?cD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ?c%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* ?cD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* cuD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* cu%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* cuD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* uD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* u%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* uD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* +p+0+ 0 ++0+ 0 +7  K@ 6 6@33p5(  px p c $!   x p c $4/  2   p# #"2& x L p B91?H  F>6___PPT9 Justified, true beliefs : " f B  @`I p B(1?q H  F>6___PPT9 Data vested with meaning 6 " f B  @`C p B 21?H q F>6___PPT9 {Facts and messages 6 " f B  @`s p B$1?H  F>6___PPT9 Choo et al. (2000) 6 " f B !0 @``  p B?1? H F>6___PPT9 ,Text that answers the questions why and how :- " ,f B  @`j  p B@1?q H F>6___PPT9 :Text that answers the questions who, when, what, or where 6; " :f B  @`l  p B$F1? q H F>6___PPT9 <Text that does not answer questions to a particular problem 6= " <f B  @`  p B U1? H F>6___PPT9 Quigley and Debons (1999) F " f  B " !0 @`n  p BDe1?  F>6___PPT9 :Experiences, values, insights, and contextual information :; " :f B  @` p Bxh1?q  F>6___PPT9 hA message meant to change the receiver s perception 65 " 4f B  @`j p BDx1? q F>6___PPT9 A set of descrete facts 6 " f B   @` p B<1?  F>6___PPT9 Davenport and Prusak (1998) 6 " f B "!0 @`] p B|1?x  F>6___PPT9 )Valuable information from the human mind :* " )f B  @`P p Bl1?q x  F>6___PPT9  Data with relevance and purpose 6! "  f B  @`D p B1?x q F>6___PPT9 |Simple observations 6 " f B  @`q p B1?x  F>6___PPT9 Davenport (1997) 6 " f B !0 @`R p B1?Yx F>6___PPT9 The ability to assign meaning : " f B  @`B p B`1?q Yx F>6___PPT9 zData with meaning 6 " f B  @`L p BD1?Yq x F>6___PPT9 Not yet interpreted symbols 6 " f B  @` p B0̧1?Yx F>6___PPT9 Spek and Spijkervet (1997) *L " f f F , !0 @`h p B@Χ1?:YF>6___PPT9 4Commitments and beliefs created from these messages :5 " 4f B  @`N p BLЧ1?q :YF>6___PPT9 A flow of meaningful messages 6 " f B  @` p BH1?:q Y TB   @` p B1?:YF>6___PPT9 Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995)6 " f B !0 @` p B`1?5:F>6___PPT9 gTruths and beliefs, perspectives and concepts, judgements and expectations, methodologies and know how :h " gf B  @`e p B1?q 5:F>6___PPT9 5Facts organised to describe a situation or condition 66 " 5f B  @` p B 1?5q : TB   @`  p B<1?5:F>6___PPT9  Wiig (1993)6 "  f B !0  @`= !p B1?5F>6___PPT9 u Knowledge: "  f B  @`; "p B!1?q 5F>6___PPT9 s Information6 "  f B  @`4 #p B+1?q 5F>6___PPT9 lData6 " f B  @`9 $p B21?5F>6___PPT9 q Author(s)6 "  f B  @`ZB %p s *1 ?ZB &p s *1 ?  ZB 'p s *1 ? ZB (p s *1 ? ZB )p s *1 ?55ZB *p s *1 ? ZB +p s *1 ?q q ZB ,p s *1 ? ZB -p s *1 ?::ZB .p s *1 ?YYZB /p s *1 ?x x ZB 0p s *1 ?  ZB 1p s *1 ?  ZB 2p s *1 ?H H  3p <t01?F ZStenmark, D. 2002. Information vs. Knowledge: The Role of intranets in Knowledge Management. In Proceedings of HICSS-35, Hawaii, January 7-10, 2002 * * Full text free to the web\       !0[H p 0޽h ? ff3333f___PPT10i.L!+D=' I = @B +e+   0P(  r  S      S E<$0  H  0޽h ? (5)-)___PPT10 )+TumD(' I = @B Dt(' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DK' =%(D' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*7D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*7D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*7=D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7=%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*7=D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*=OD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*=O%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*=OD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*OsD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Os%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*OsD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*sD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*s%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*sD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*MD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*M%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*MDX' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*M%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*MD@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*8D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8c%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*8cD@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*c%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*c+8+0+0 +  K@  0(  x  c $   x  c $E  H  0޽h ? (y___PPT10Y+D=' I = @B +1    xP(  xr x S <     x S E<$0  H x 0޽h ? ff3333f//___PPT10q/.`׳Q+@!D /' I = @B D.' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* x3D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x3%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* x3D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* x3dD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x3d%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* x3dD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* xdD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* xd%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* xdD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* xD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* xD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* xD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* xD' =%(Dd' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* x=D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x=%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* x=D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* x=bD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x=b%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* x=bD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* xbD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* xb%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* xbD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* xD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* xD' =%(DZ' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* xD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* xD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<* x D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* x D8' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* x D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* xI%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* xI+8+0+ x0 +%  K@ t\(  tx t c $H    t c $(E<$0  H t 0޽h ? ff3333fx#p#___PPT10P#.Lp +$hD"' I = @B D"' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*t0D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t0%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*t0D}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*t0ND' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t0N%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*t0ND}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*tNqD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tNq%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*tNqD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*tqD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tq%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*tqD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*tD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*tD}' =A@BB BB0B%(E5' =1B B`BPB,54*3>B ppt_c='`B@BPB<*t2D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t2%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*t2D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t2]%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*t2]D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t]%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*t]D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*tD@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*tD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tO%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*tO+8+0+t0 +3 K@ (@(  (~ ( s *|   F (  0샤F 'g <$0  PPolanyi's epistemology of personal knowledge encompassed within Popper's World 2QQB"FPXl e" (e",$D0q2 ( <e" S 3. Expressed language Computer memory Recorded thought Logical artefacts Heredity .T SCC X      ( <